Abstract: New Curriculum for African History

“A New Curriculum for African History: Grades 9-12”

Abstract

 

Hi everyone! My name’s Lexi Hartley, and I’m a rising junior from NJ studying history and secondary education here at the College. I’m interested in a variety of different topics within history and education, but I’m especially fascinated with Africa. I think what fascinates me the most about Africa is how little it is talked about in the primary or secondary school classroom–my seventh grade social studies teacher once put on The Lion King in class so we could “see what a real African landscape looks like.”   The hour and half of class time spent watching that movie was probably the most time I spent “learning” about Africa in my entire pre-collegiate academic career. Despite Africa’s hugely important presence in history, politics and culture, most high schoolers simply think of Africa as a land of starvation, war and, paradoxically, Disney movies.

 

With this dichotomy between high schoolers’ perception of Africa and the reality of Africa in mind, I’ll be creating a framework for a high school course in African History this summer with the help of my advisor, Dr. Jeremy Stoddard. I hope that one day I can use this framework as a teacher to introduce a senior elective in African history. At the very least, I hope that I can use some of the activities and assessments that I will design in a regular World History class. In order to allow for maximum flexibility, I will not be designing specific lectures and assessments.

 

I will start my framework with an introduction (approximately 4-5 pages long) explaining the current ways that Africa is taught about at the high school settings and the rationale for learning about Africa. I will also include a brief introduction explaining the goals of my curriculum, drawing on current educational research about the goals of teaching non-Western history. In this introduction, I will stress the overall goal of my curriculum: to challenge my students to look at both Africa and the study of history from a non-Western perspective. By asking them to engage with new forms of history such as archaeology and oral history, I hope to challenge their previous conceptions of what “Africa” is and what “history” means.

My final project will take the form of a curriculum guideline consisting of six major thematic units, each reflecting my goal to challenge my students’ previous notions of Africa (tentative titles):

1) “What is Africa?”

2) “Ancient and Medieval African Civilizations”

3) “Africa and the Slave Trade”

4) “Colonialism in Africa/Freedom!”

5) “ ‘Rwanda is Our Nightmare…’ Issues in Africa Today”

6) “Connections to Africa: Diasporas Past and Present”

For each thematic unit, I will create a curriculum unit overview. This overview will start with an alignment to state standards: a connection to specific requirements in the Common Core, the Virginia Standards of Learning and/or the AP World History curriculum. Furthermore, it will contain an outline of the content that students will be expected to understand, as well as the broader theoretical concepts and perspectives that I expect the student to understand such as the role of different types of sources such as material culture. Each lesson overview will also contain an annotated bibliography of sources that can be used for assigned reading as well as more hands-on sources such as potential virtual field trips or documentaries to watch and discuss in class. The lesson overview will also contain a list of possible projects/assessments with a detailed description.

Thanks for staying with me so far and reading to the end! At this point, I’d like to give a huge thanks to Dr. Stoddard for advising me on this project and Dr. Jeremy Pope for being a great history advisor and sparking my interest in African History!

Abstract: Positive Effects of Education in Developing Communities

Hello and welcome to my research blog! My name is Rachel Cheche and I am currently a Junior Psychology major and Marketing minor here at William and Mary. Outside of classes, I am a member of the healthy relationships/sexual aggression prevention branch of HOPE, a leader for Outreach360′s annual service trip, and I’m lucky enough to work in a candy shop. My involvement in Outreach360 is actually the inspiration for my research: the Positive Effects of Education in Developing Communities. I’ve gone to Jinotega, Nicaragua for a week-long service trip the past two Winter breaks, and it hit me during my last trip that I would love to learn more about the community.
During the course of my project, I am going to research how and why education is beneficial in developing communities. Specifically, I will be focusing on English and Spanish literacy education as well as public health education for primary school-aged children in the city of Jinotega, Nicaragua. I am curious about how the community has changed since the establishment of Outreach360’s neighborhood learning center in 2010. The learning center provides free classes for neighborhood children whose parents sign them up to go on a regular basis, as well as occasional open “day camps” when they have enough volunteers. They hope that the children take their newly acquired knowledge home to share with family members and friends who may not have the chance to go to school, creating a “ripple effect.” I hope to examine this effect by observing the students, parents, and other community members with the help of on-site Outreach360 staff members who are fluent in Spanish. These staff members will also be able to provide useful first-hand knowledge and experience with implementing education initiatives and establishing community ties.
As a background to my research in Jinotega, I would also like to conduct some preliminary research on the history of education in Nicaragua, focusing on the aftermath of the Revolution, subsequent overthrowing of the Somoza regime, and establishment of the Sandinista ruling party which is pro-education.

Traveling to Jinotega the past two Winter Breaks has opened my eyes to the intense need for better education opportunities, especially for children living in the more disadvantaged areas of the city. While it is required in Nicaragua for children to attend school, it is a common occurrence for schools to lack resources and enough teachers. Teachers often have to provide supplies for their classes of 40-50 children, where up to 5 children may have to share a book! Obviously, this is not the best environment for learning, despite teachers’ best efforts. Children also may have to work before or after school in order to help their families, leaving little time for homework and important playtime. The learning center provides supplemental education as well as much-needed one-on-one time with the students to practice reading and writing. My goal in this research is to determine what kinds of interventions have worked most effectively for Outreach360 for determining curriculum needs and establishing themselves as a respectable entity within the community. I think the best way to conduct this research is onsite at the learning center and around Jinotega. In addition to observations, I will be able to directly interact with the students and teach them as well as working with the staff members to plan lessons. I also plan document my experience with pictures and perhaps videos.
My perspective has already been vastly impacted by my two past trips to Jinotega, so the prospect of going there on a more long-term basis (4 weeks) is very exciting to me. It allows me to see the students’ progress and the overall impact on their learning, not just a weeklong snapshot.

Some Concluding Remarks

At long last, I have completed my physics curriculum. In total, I have twenty-one lessons planned (each one to three class periods in lengths), along with pages of goals, design principles, and unit outlines. While my curriculum will not span an entire year (if each lessons takes three days to teach, the curriculum will only cover about two months), it fills a semester quite nicely: students could take my course for the first half the of year, and then a more traditional, problem-based physics course or another science the second half.  Middle school science courses are often divided into several smaller junks (i.e.: a third of the year will cover chemistry, a third on biology, and a final third on ecology). The length of my curriculum makes it ideal for this format as well.

While I have been taking science courses for nearly my entire life, I have not truly appreciated the work that goes into developing them until this summer. Over the course of this project, I have experienced nearly all aspects (although in a highly abbreviated form) of the teaching process. I have developed curricula, created lesson plans, and taught students. Each of these processes was far more difficult than I imagined. For instance, it is extremely difficult to create lesson plans in a vacuum. While I can arbitrarily write that students will be able to perform a certain task in a given time, I have no real way of knowing whether or not the specified task will be doable for a given group of students. Furthermore, just because a lesson plan works well for one class is no guarantee that it will be effective for another. Every class of students is different, which makes planning lessons an even greater challenge.

Despite these problems, I have thoroughly enjoyed working on this project. Sometime in the future, I may try to implement my curriculum. Also, I am interesting in investigating lesson planning for higher education. While my curriculum is geared toward middle and high school students, the structure of my course makes it easily adaptable for a college-age audience. Perhaps sometime in the future I will be able to adapt my curriculum into a college-level course. In any case, I look forward to future opportunities to develop new methods of teaching physics.